To what does the second chapter of the nonfiction book, Witches, Midwives, and Nurses, attribute the exclusion of women from American medicine?

The United States is the location and focus of the book's second chapter on how the rise of the American medical profession served to exclude women. The history of female healers in the United States contrasts that of Europe since women healers were common in the country until the nineteenth century. As such, the United States demonstrates an alternative historical example of how women have been active healers for centuries, while almost demonstrating another way that they were eventually pushed out of the profession by class, power, and misogynistic social structures. Although these structures manifested themselves differently in the United States than in Europe, their ethos and end result are virtually the same.