What metaphors are used in The War Against the Trees by Stanley Kunitz?

By assigning human attributes to inanimate things, Kunitz personifies both technology, as in the bulldozers, and nature, as in the trees and plants. The nineteenth-century art critic John Ruskin took a dim view of making human the inhuman and termed this literary device "pathetic fallacy." Ruskin believed the primary criterion of art and literature is truth, and saw in personification a form of literally lying about the appearance of things. Ruskin's criticism, however, is dismissed by many, and the use of personification, in all genres of literature, continues.