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Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a political theorist and the author of Discourse on Inequality. As Fukuyama summarizes Rousseau's theory of political development, humans are naturally fearful, solitary creatures who want only to care for their own needs but are thrown together into society out of mutual dependence. Although Rousseau claims only to be looking for general truths, Fukuyama notes that he also looks at primitive cultures and animals to try to determine which human behaviors may be natural and which constructed.

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