Shame jumps forward and backward with jolting frequency and is frequently interrupted by author's asides dealing with history, culture, linguistics and religion. Arabic words are frequent, along with terms common to the entire Indian subcontinent ("bibi," "ayah," "begum"). Establishing quickly that the protagonist Omar Khayyam Shakil inhabits in an upside down, marginal world from the moment of birth, the author is able to move freely between reality and fantasy. The language and imagery are rich and complex and much of the text tongue-in-cheek. In the final chapter, Rushdie has Omar and the captives Hyders contract malaria, which allows him within their minds to wander in and out of