Describe symbolism in The Odyssey by Homer

There are many symbols. Here are two:

Bow: The mighty bow of Odysseus, which only he can string, is a symbol of his rightful place as king of Ithaca and husband of Penelope. By stringing it after all others have failed, he asserts his dominion and proves to the suitors that their efforts to take his wife and land from him have been in vain.

Dog: Aside from being one of the most memorable and sympathetic figures in the poem, Argos can also be seen as a symbol for the fidelity of Odysseus' household in his absence. The implication is that Argos could not die until his master returned, out of unparalleled loyalty to him; just so, Penelope and Telemachus stayed loyal to Odysseus in his extended absence, despite the many efforts of the suitors to dissuade them from this loyalty.